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<div class="Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-NZ">&nbsp;
  </span></p>
  <p class="MsoTitle" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="mso-field-code:&quot;TITLE  \\* MERGEFORMAT&quot;" lang="EN-NZ"><font size="+2"><b>示例用例建模准则</b></font></span></p>
  <p class="MsoTitle" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-NZ">&nbsp; </span></p>
  <p class="MsoTitle" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">版本 <a name="Version">&lt;n.m&gt;</a> </span></p>
  <p class="MsoTitle" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">上次更新 &lt;yyyymmdd&gt; </span></p>
  <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-NZ">&nbsp;
  </span></p>
  <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-NZ">&nbsp;
  </span></p>
</div>
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:
EN-NZ;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:always;mso-break-type:section-break">
</span>
<p class="MsoTitle"><span lang="EN-NZ">修订历史</span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-NZ">日期</span></b></p>
    </td>
    <td width="77" valign="top" style="width:.8in;border:solid windowtext .75pt;
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      <p class="Tabletext" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-NZ">版本</span></b></p>
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    <td width="221" valign="top" style="width:165.75pt;border:solid windowtext .75pt;
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      <p class="Tabletext" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-NZ">描述</span></b></p>
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    <td width="151" valign="top" style="width:113.4pt;border:solid windowtext .75pt;
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      <p class="Tabletext" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-NZ">作者</span></b></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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      <p class="Tabletext">&nbsp;<span lang="EN-NZ"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoHeader" style="tab-stops:.5in"><span lang="EN-NZ">&nbsp;
</span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-size:18.0pt;
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</span></b>
<p class="MsoTitle"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a name="Table of Contents">目录</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1"><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>TOC \o &quot;1-3&quot; <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><a href="#Introduction">1.</a></span><a href="#Introduction"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt">简介</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Purpose">1.1</a></span><a href="#Purpose"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">目的</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Scope">1.2</a></span><a href="#Scope"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">范围<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations">1.3</a></span><a href="#Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">定义、首字母缩写和缩写<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;</span></span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#References">1.4</a></span><a href="#References"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">参考资料<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;</span></span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Overview">1.5</a></span><a href="#Overview"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">概述<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoToc1"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><a href="#General Use-Case Modeling Guidelines">2.</a></span><a href="#General Use-Case Modeling Guidelines"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt">一般用例建模准则</span></a><span style="mso-tab-count:1" lang="EN-NZ">
</span><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#General Style">2.1</a></span><a href="#General Style"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">一般风格</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Communicates&gt;&gt; relationship">2.2</a></span><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Communicates&gt;&gt; relationship"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">&lt;&lt;通信&gt;&gt; 关系的使用</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500330039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Include&gt;&gt; and &lt;&lt;Extend&gt;&gt; relationships">2.3</a></span><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Include&gt;&gt; and &lt;&lt;Extend&gt;&gt; relationships"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">&lt;&lt;包含&gt;&gt; 和 &lt;&lt;扩展&gt;&gt; 关系的使用。</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Include&gt;&gt; relationship">2.3.1</a></span><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Include&gt;&gt; relationship"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">&lt;&lt;包含&gt;&gt; 关系的使用。</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Extend&gt;&gt; relationship">2.3.2</a></span><a href="#Use of the &lt;&lt;Extend&gt;&gt; relationship"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">&lt;&lt;扩展&gt;&gt; 关系的使用。</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of Actor-Generalization">2.4</a></span><a href="#Use of Actor-Generalization"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">参与者泛化关系的使用</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of Interaction Diagrams">2.5</a></span><a href="#Use of Interaction Diagrams"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">交互图的使用</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of Activity Diagrams">2.6</a></span><a href="#Use of Activity Diagrams"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">活动图的使用</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><a href="#How to Describe a Use Case">3.</a></span><a href="#How to Describe a Use Case"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt">如何描述用例</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Actor Guidelines">3.1</a></span><a href="#Actor Guidelines"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">参与者准则</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Each concrete Use Case will be involved with at least one Actor">3.1.1</a></span><a href="#Each concrete Use Case will be involved with at least one Actor"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">每个具体用例至少涉及一个参与者<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Intuitive and Descriptive Actor Name(s)">3.1.2</a></span><a href="#Intuitive and Descriptive Actor Name(s)"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">直观、描述性的参与者名称</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500340039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Consistent Use of Actor Name(s)">3.1.3</a></span><a href="#Consistent Use of Actor Name(s)"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">参与者名称的一致使用</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use Case Name">3.2</a></span><a href="#Use Case Name"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">用例名称</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use Case Brief Description">3.3</a></span><a href="#Use Case Brief Description"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">用例简短描述<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;</span></span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#At least 1 paragraph">3.3.1</a></span><a href="#At least 1 paragraph"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">至少 1 个段落</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#(Optional) An example">3.3.2</a></span><a href="#(Optional) An example"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">示例（可选）</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Consistent use of the imperative: Will">3.4</a></span><a href="#Consistent use of the imperative: Will"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">祈使语气的一致使用：需要</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of Glossary Terms">3.5</a></span><a href="#Use of Glossary Terms"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">词汇表术语的使用</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of Action Terms">3.6</a></span><a href="#Use of Action Terms"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">“操作”术语的使用</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Define where the system is responsible for presenting the Action Option">3.6.1</a></span><a href="#Define where the system is responsible for presenting the Action Option"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">定义系统负责在何处提供操作选项</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:
1">&nbsp; </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 80.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Consistent use of the term throughout the Use Case">3.6.2</a></span><a href="#Consistent use of the term throughout the Use Case"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">术语在整个用例中的一致使用</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500350039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Separate paragraphs for Actor and System behavior">3.7</a></span><a href="#Separate paragraphs for Actor and System behavior"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">参与者和系统行为的独立段落</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500360030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Alternate and Sub-Flows">3.8</a></span><a href="#Alternate and Sub-Flows"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">备选流和子流</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500360031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 50.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#preconditions postconditions">3.9</a></span><a href="#preconditions postconditions"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; 
  </span><span lang="EN-NZ">前置条件和后置条件<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
  </span></span></a><span lang="EN-NZ">
  <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500360032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
  </span> 
  <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
  <span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 60.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Use of placeholders for missing detail (TBD)">3.10</a></span><a href="#Use of placeholders for missing detail (TBD)"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">对于缺少的详细信息使用占位符（待定）</span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500360033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 60.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Definition of and Reference to Supplementary Specifications">3.11</a></span><a href="#Definition of and Reference to Supplementary Specifications"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">补充规范的定义和引用<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500360034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 60.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Crosscheck with UI Prototype/ Design">3.12</a></span><a href="#Crosscheck with UI Prototype/ Design"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">使用 UI 原型／设计进行交叉检查<span style="mso-tab-count:1">
</span></span></a><span lang="EN-NZ"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003500300030003100320035003500360035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-NZ><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:.6in 60.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#Exception Flows">3.13</a></span><a href="#Exception Flows"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">异常流（可选）</span></a><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc3" style="tab-stops:1.0in 83.0pt right 439.7pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="#What can go wrong?">3.13.1</a></span><a href="#What can go wrong?"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-NZ">发生什么异常？</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="margin-right:54.45pt;tab-stops:right 446.55pt"><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-NZ><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
<span lang="EN-NZ"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:always">
<span style="mso-field-code:&quot;TITLE  \\* MERGEFORMAT&quot;">用例建模准则</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="margin-right:54.45pt;tab-stops:right 446.55pt">&nbsp;</p>
<h1><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586">1.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Introduction">简介</a>&nbsp; <a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h1>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598587">1.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Purpose">目的</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">此组准则的目的是确保用例模型的一致性。它提供如何记录用例的指南，以及需求指定者和系统分析员经常会有疑问的相关主题的一般帮助。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598588">1.2<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a name="Scope">
</a></span><a name="Scope">范围</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">这些准则可以按原样使用，或者进行定制，以满足大部分项目的需求。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598589">1.3<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations">定义、首字母缩写和缩写</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">请参阅 <!-- removed hyperlink href="../../process/glossary.htm" -->Rational Unified
  Process 词汇表。<!-- end of removed hyperlink --></span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598590">1.4<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="References">参考资料</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">无</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598591">1.5<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a name="Overview">
</a></span><a name="Overview">概述</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">此组准则分为两个部分，第一部分描述用例<i>建模</i>的首选方式，第二部分提供用例模型的<i>内容</i>和模型中元素<i>命名</i>的准则。</span></p>
<h1><span lang="EN-NZ">2.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a name="General Use-Case Modeling Guidelines">
</a></span><a name="General Use-Case Modeling Guidelines">一般用例建模准则</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h1>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">2.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="General Style">一般样式</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例将使用随 Rational Unified Process 提供的模板撰写，并进行一定的风格和布局修改，以符合适用的项目文档标准。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">2.2<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of the &lt;&lt;Communicates&gt;&gt; relationship">&lt;&lt;通信&gt;&gt; 关系的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">参与者和用例之间的关联称为“通信”关系。建议将此关联设为单向关系。
通过使用此种建模策略，可以将参与者进行以下区分：</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo26;
tab-stops:list 1.0in"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-size:
8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings">q<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><span lang="EN-NZ">主动参与者<br>
在参与者启动（或触发）用例的执行时，参与者在“参与者 － 用例”对中视为是主动的。通信关系中的箭头指向用例。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo26;
tab-stops:list 1.0in"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-size:
8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings">q<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><span lang="EN-NZ">被动参与者<br>
在用例启动通信时，参与者在“参与者 － 用例”对中视为是被动的。被动参与者通常是外部系统或设备，系统需要与之进行通信。通信关系中的箭头指向参与者。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">给出此建议是因为主动参与者和被动参与者的概念可以为用例模型的读者“增加价值”。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">2.3<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of the &lt;&lt;Include&gt;&gt; and &lt;&lt;Extend&gt;&gt; relationships">&lt;&lt;包含&gt;&gt; 和 &lt;&lt;扩展&gt;&gt; 关系的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">在第一个实例中，建议避免使用这些关系。给出此建议是因为误用这些关系更多的是可能导致混乱和混淆，而不是帮助简化用例模型。最佳实践是在初始时避免这种类型的分解，而在流程的稍后阶段考虑使用这些关系。这些关系可以用于：</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:57.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:
l24 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list 57.0pt"><span lang="EN-NZ">1.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>抽出两个以上用例中的公共行为。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:57.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:
l24 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list 57.0pt"><span lang="EN-NZ">2.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>从基本用例中抽出行为，该行为对于理解该用例的主要目的并不是必需的，而只有行为的结果是重要的。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:57.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:
l24 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list 57.0pt"><span lang="EN-NZ">3.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>显示可能存在一组行为段，其中的一个或几个行为段可以在基本用例中的扩展点处插入。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">但是应当仅在它们能够帮助简化和管理用例模型而增加价值时使用它们。</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">2.3.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of the &lt;&lt;Include&gt;&gt; relationship">&lt;&lt;包含&gt;&gt; 关系的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">包含关系描述一个行为段，该行为段要插入到执行基本用例的用例实例中。它在本质上是一种类似于子例程的机制，通常用于抽出公共的行为。&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">请参阅 Rational Unified Process 中的<!-- removed hyperlink href="../../process/modguide/md_incl.htm" target="ory_doc" -->包含关系准则<!-- end of removed hyperlink -->获取更多详细信息。</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">2.3.2<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of the &lt;&lt;Extend&gt;&gt; relationship">&lt;&lt;扩展&gt;&gt; 关系的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">扩展关系是较难于利用的关系，主要是因为扩展用例对于基本用例是未知的。通常而言，在大多数业务系统中很少会使用此关系。但是要记住，规则总是存在例外，此机制在某些情况中会非常有用。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">请参阅 Rational Unified Process 中的<!-- removed hyperlink href="../../process/modguide/md_exrel.htm" target="ory_doc" -->扩展关系准则<!-- end of removed hyperlink -->获取更多详细信息：</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">2.4<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of Actor-Generalization">参与者泛化关系的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">通常，参与者泛化关系可以用于更好地定义由要开发的系统的用户充当的不同角色。<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
  </span>这在具有不同“类别”的最终用户的应用程序中非常有用。使用这种方式，对于每个类别的用户，将只提供相关的功能，并能够根据分组控制访问权。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">经验：每个用例只由一个参与者启动。此“规则”可以被推翻，此时必须通过用例描述说明此决定是合理的。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">来自大学业务领域的示例：<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;“图书管理员”和“教授”是大学领域中两个现有角色（参与者）的示例。</span>这两个角色具有一些公共的任务，同时也具有一些在“业务”中特定于其角色的任务。对此进行建模的首选方式在下面显示。</span><img src="images/act_gen.gif" alt="上面内容的图像详细信息" width="646" height="261" border="0"></p>
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<span lang="EN-NZ">请参阅 Rational Unified Process 中的<!-- removed hyperlink href="../../process/modguide/md_actgn.htm" target="ory_doc" -->指南：参与者泛化关系<!-- end of removed hyperlink -->获取更多详细信息。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">2.5<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a name="Use of Interaction Diagrams">
</a></span><a name="Use of Interaction Diagrams">交互图的使用</a>
</span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">在某些情况下，在文本事件流之外再包含一个交互图来说明用例的“高级别”事件流会很有好处。建议您在 Rational Rose 中为此绘制一个时序图。在其中仅包含参与者和边界对象之间的通信（包括输入和输出消息），并将系统当作是一个黑匣。边界对象使用在用例事件流中定义的逻辑名称，此时不将它们指定到任何类。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">并不是每个用例都需要具有相应的交互图：它是可选的工作产品。</span></p>

<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">2.6<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of Activity Diagrams">活动图的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">当活动图可以在帮助定义、阐明和完成用例中的事件流方面添加价值时，建议在 Rational Rose 中进行建模。为复杂用例（包含多个备选和／或异常流）考虑使用活动图是一条好的经验。活动图用于显示用例中的流的决策树。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">并不是每个用例都需要具有相应的活动图：它是可选的工作产品。</span></p>

<h1><span lang="EN-NZ">3.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="How to Describe a Use Case">如何描述用例</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h1>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">有关一般信息和更多的<!-- removed hyperlink href="../../process/modguide/md_uc.htm" target="ory_doc" -->用例准则<!-- end of removed hyperlink -->，请参阅 Rational Unified Process。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a name="Actor Guidelines">
</a></span><a name="Actor Guidelines">参与者准则</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">有关一般信息和更多的<!-- removed hyperlink href="../../process/modguide/md_actor.htm" target="ory_doc" -->参与者准则<!-- end of removed hyperlink -->，请参阅 Rational Unified Process。</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.1.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Each concrete Use Case will be involved with at least one Actor">每个具体用例至少涉及一个参与者</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">每个具体用例是否都至少涉及一个参与者？如果不是，就存在问题了。不与参与者交互的用例是多余的，应该将它删除或确定相应的参与者。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">在某些情况中，会有多个参与者参与到用例交互中。请确保检查在一个用例中使用多个参与者是否是有效的（请参阅“参与者泛化关系”）。</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.1.2<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Intuitive and Descriptive Actor Name(s)">直观、描述性的参与者名称</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">参与者是否是具有直观、描述性的名称？用户和客户都能理解这些名称吗？参与者的名称与他们的角色对应，这一点很重要。如果不是，则更改它们。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">您应当参考用例模型来确保为用例中的每个参与者使用了正确的参与者名称。</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.1.3<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Consistent Use of Actor Name(s)">参与者名称的一致使用</a>
</span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例规范需要使用一致的参与者名称撰写。需要注意确保参与者命名是清晰明确的。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">不要笼统地使用“参与者”，而应当使用实际的名称来唯一地确定或定义参与者。参与者名称可以视为是参与到一组系统交互中的角色。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.2<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use Case Name">用例名称</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例名称应是唯一、直观和解释性的名称，从而可以清晰明确地定义从用例获取的值的可观察结果。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">检查用例名称的一种好方法是调查客户、业务代表、分析人员和开发人员是否都能理解用例的名称和描述。请记住：您需要从参与者的角度定义值的可观察结果。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">每个用例名称需要描述用例支持的行为。名称中需要包含要执行的操作和要操作的关键元素。通常，这是一种简单的“动词／名词”组合。用例应当从触发用例的参与者的角度进行命名。示例包括：“注册课程”、“选择授课课程”。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.3<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a name="Use Case Brief Description">
</a></span><a name="Use Case Brief Description">用例简短描述</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.3.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="At least 1 paragraph">至少 1 个段落</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例中需包含用例的简短描述。此描述的长度至少应当为 1 个段落，并且不超出 3 个段落。描述中需包含用例的关键目的、价值陈述和概念的说明。</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.3.2<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="(Optional) An example">示例（可选）</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">如果简短的示例“故事”能够增加价值，则可以在简短描述中包含它来帮助进一步地描述环境。此示例通常需遵循基本流，同时在有帮助时包含数据值。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.4<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Consistent use of the imperative: Will">祈使语气的一致使用：需要</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例中的系统需求需使用祈使语气撰写。相对于“应当”和“必须”，通常更倾向于使用“需要”来一致地描述需求。并且应避免使用暗示需求是可选或未定义的需求的消极词汇，例如，“应该”、“可能”、“等”。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.5<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of Glossary Terms">词汇表术语的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例中使用的所有业务术语在项目的词汇表中进行定义。如果用例中存在词汇表中未包含的业务术语，则术语需要：</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l18 level1 lfo24;
tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="EN-NZ">1.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>添加到词汇表中，同时包含简短描述（最多 1 个段落）。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l18 level1 lfo24;
tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="EN-NZ">2.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>在用例中进行更改，以反映词汇表中定义的正确业务术语。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.6<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Use of Action Terms">“操作”术语的使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.6.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Define where the system is responsible for presenting the Action Option">定义系统负责在何处提供操作选项</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例需要明确地说明系统负责在何处提供用作供参与者选择的可用选项的操作。在多数情况下，可用选项应当作为基本流的组成部分而提供，并在对应的备选流的第一个语句中作为入口点引用。</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.6.2<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Consistent use of the term throughout the Use Case">术语在整个用例中的一致使用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">诸如“新建”、“修改”、“取消”、“删除”、“确定”和“打印”之类的术语在整个用例的使用需保持一致：相同的逻辑操作不能使用不同的术语指代。特别需要注意确保在备选流中使用的操作术语与在基本流中使用的操作术语匹配。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.7<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a name="Separate paragraphs for Actor and System behavior">
</a></span><a name="Separate paragraphs for Actor and System behavior">参与者和系统行为的独立段落</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">每次参与者和系统之间的交互改变焦点（在参与者和系统之间）时，下一个行为段需使用新的段落描述。先描述参与者，然后再描述系统。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">句子必须以“&lt;参与者名称&gt; 需 xxxxx”或“系统需 xxxx”开始。始终使用全称来正确地表示参与者名称，而不是使用缩写。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.8<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Alternate and Sub-Flows">备选流和子流</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">每个备选流和子流清晰明确地定义进入流中的所有可能的入口点，并结束于从流中退出的所有可能的出口点。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">备选流还将明确地说明出口点和参与者继续到下一步的位置 －<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>是返回到基本流中的特定步骤还是结束。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">在事件流由于存在复杂的行为而变得混乱时，或者在单个流的长度超出实际的打印页面时，可以使用子流来提高明确性和管理复杂性。子流使用以下形式撰写：将自包含的详细行为逻辑组移动到子流中，然后在事件流中以摘要形式引用此行为。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.9<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
  </span><a name="preconditions postconditions">前置条件和后置条件</a>
  </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例规范中需包含一组在用例开始之前（前置条件）和用例结束之后（后置条件）期望为真的条件（也称为假定）。请注意，用例可能会以多种方式结束，对于每种方式应相应地描述其“后置条件”。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.10<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a name="Use of placeholders for missing detail (TBD)"> </a></span><a name="Use of placeholders for missing detail (TBD)">对于缺少的详细信息使用占位符（待定）</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">在信息尚未定义或尚未确定时，用例中需包含对问题或元素的引用，并包含占位符：待定。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.11<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Definition of and Reference to Supplementary Specifications">补充规范的定义和引用</a> </span><span lang="EN-NZ" style="mso-bookmark: _Toc456598586"><a name="Introduction" href="#Table of Contents"></a><img border="0" src="../../../../rup/resources/top.gif" alt="转至页面顶部。" width="26" height="20" ></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">在一些附加需求无法在事件流期间自然地描述时，可以将这些需求定义为补充需求。对于那些特定于用例的需求，需在用例规范的“特殊需求”一节中定义。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">对于那些在系统范围内适用的需求（特别是非功能性质的那些需求），需在一个或多个独立的补充规范文档中定义。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">示例包括：</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:127.6pt;text-indent:-77.95pt"><span lang="EN-NZ">可靠性：<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>－ 系统必须每周 7 天、每天 24 小时可用。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:127.6pt;text-indent:-77.95pt"><span lang="EN-NZ"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>－ 系统的平均故障间隔时间（MTBF）必须为 48 小时。</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:127.6pt;text-indent:-77.95pt"><span lang="EN-NZ">性能：<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>－ 系统在预期的正常负载条件下的在线响应时间不得超出 5 秒。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.12<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Crosscheck with UI Prototype/ Design">使用 UI 原型／设计进行交叉检查</a></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">用例内容需对照 UI 原型／设计进行交叉检查，以确保用例或 UI 原型／设计中没有缺少任何系统需求。在需要对用例进行更改时，需进行以下操作：将对 UI 原型的更改记录为未来操作的讨论内容。</span></p>
<h2><span lang="EN-NZ">3.13<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="Exception Flows">异常流</a>（可选）</span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">提供以下准则来帮助发现异常流：</span></p>
<h3><span lang="EN-NZ">3.13.1<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><a name="What can go wrong?">发生什么异常？</a></span></h3>
<p><span lang="EN-NZ">对于用例中的每个步骤，需要考虑会发生什么异常。每个独特的异常都可以捕获为“异常流”。在某些情况中，单个异常流可以在用例之间共用，例如“超时”。所要捕获的关键信息是在发生异常时的业务需求，即参与者应体验到什么？</span></p>

 



 
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